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Sex, in its broadest sense, refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define humans and other animals as either male or female. These characteristics encompass a wide range of features, from chromosomes and hormones to internal and external reproductive organs. While often conflated with gender, which is a social and cultural construct, sex is fundamentally rooted in biology and plays a crucial role in reproduction and the diversity of life on Earth.

At its core, biological sex is determined at conception by the combination of sex chromosomes inherited from parents. Typically, individuals with two X chromosomes (XX) develop as female, while those with one X and one Y chromosome (XY) develop as male. These chromosomal differences trigger a cascade of developmental processes, leading to the formation of distinct reproductive systems. Beyond reproduction, these biological distinctions contribute to variations in physical attributes, hormone profiles, and certain predispositions, influencing various aspects of an individual's biology and health.

Ultimately, understanding sex as a biological concept is fundamental to fields ranging from medicine and genetics to ecology and evolutionary biology. It provides the basis for comprehending reproductive strategies, population dynamics, and the intricate ways in which organisms interact with their environments. While often a subject of both scientific inquiry and societal discussion, the biological definition of sex remains a cornerstone for understanding the fundamental divisions and reproductive mechanisms within the natural world.