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What is PCOS?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women of childbearing age. It's characterized by a combination of hormonal imbalances, irregular periods, and, often, the development of small fluid-filled sacs (follicles) on the ovaries.

While the exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, it's believed to be linked to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Key factors that play a role include:

• Insulin Resistance: Many women with PCOS have insulin resistance, which means their body's cells don't respond normally to insulin. This causes the pancreas to produce more insulin, and high insulin levels can lead to increased production of androgens.
• High Androgen Levels: Androgens are often called "male hormones," but all women produce them in small amounts. With PCOS, the ovaries produce higher levels of androgens, which can interfere with ovulation and cause symptoms like excess hair growth and acne.
• Genetics: PCOS often runs in families, suggesting a genetic link.

Common Symptoms of PCOS

The symptoms of PCOS can vary widely among individuals, but common signs include:

• Irregular Periods: This is one of the most common symptoms. Women with PCOS may have few or very long periods, or their periods may be more than 35 days apart. In some cases, periods may be absent altogether.
• Excess Hair Growth (Hirsutism): High androgen levels can cause excess hair to grow on the face, chest, back, or stomach.
• Acne and Oily Skin: Androgen overproduction can lead to severe acne and oily skin.
• Weight Gain: Many women with PCOS experience weight gain, particularly around the abdomen, and may have difficulty losing weight.
• Thinning Hair: Male-pattern baldness or thinning hair on the scalp can also occur.
• Polycystic Ovaries: An ultrasound may reveal enlarged ovaries with many small follicles around the edges. Despite the name, these are not true cysts, but rather underdeveloped sacs containing eggs.